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14. Concord (Penyesuaian Unsur Kalimat)

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Noun dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu :

  • Countable noun (bisa dihitung)
Example : books, fans, doors
  • Uncountable noun (tdk bisa dihitung)
Example : water, air, food, sugar, tea

Benda yg selalu dianggap "tunggal"
* Everybody, everyone, every, each, much....
* Benda jamak yg diawali either of dan neither of
* Kata benda yg diawali the number of, a / an + adjective
Example : The number of students does the test. (tunggal)


Benda yg selalu dianggap "jamak"
* Benda yg berpasangan (jeans, glasses, shoes)
* Kata benda both of dan both..and
* Kata benda yg diawali a number of, the + adjective
* Kata benda yg dihubungkan either...or..., neither...nor... , not only..., but also...
Example : A number of students do the best. ( jamak)


 PENTING :
  • Countable noun diawali artikel a / an/ the
  • Uncountable noun selalu tunggal dan tdk berawalan a / an/ the
Example :
* Three minutes is all I need to fix the computer (uncountable noun)
  • Gerund yang berfungsi sebagai subjek, selalu diikuti verba tunggal
Example :
* Planting trees is necessary to decrease the level of pollutants in the air

13. Conditional Sentence (Kalimat Bersyarat)

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Ada 3 macam yaitu :

  • Tipe I (future)
If + simple present tense, future tenses
"untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang mungkin terjadi jika syaratnya terpenuhi"


Example :

* If Boby meets Nana, he will be happy
-----Fakta : Boby bisa senang dan juga bisa tidak tergantung bertemu Nana atau tidak (Future Tense)
  • Tipe II (present)
If + simple past tense, past future tense
"untuk mengungkapkan hal yang kemungkinan terjadinya kecil atau barangkali saja terjadi di masa depan"


 Example :

* If I had my own motorbike, I would go there my self
-----Fakta : I don't have my own motorbike, so I don't go there my self  (Present Tense)
* They would not be angry, if you don't cheat them
-----Fakta : They are angry because you cheat them  (Present Tense)

To be yg dipakai utk semua subjek adalah were
Example :

* If I were you, I would stay in my room in this cold weather
-----Fakta : I don't stay in my room because I am not you
  • Tipe III (Past)
If + past perfect tense, past future perfect tense
"untuk mengungkapkan hal yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena waktunya sudah lewat, atau membayangkan hal yang mungkin terjadi di masa lalu"

Example :

* If I had chosen the right one, I would not have regretted it
-----Fakta : I didn't choose the right one, so regretted it  (Past Tense)

PENTING :

# Fakta selalu naik 1 tingkat level tenses (kurang lampau)
# Conditional selalu lebih lampau 1 tingkat dari faktanya
# Fakta (tenses pada "if" naik 1 tingkat kurang lampau)

Conditional Sentence Tanpa "IF"
Tipe II------- Were + S + Complement
            ------- Had + S + V3

 Example :
* If I were a princess, I could get everything
------were I princess,  I could get everything
* If I had got talent in singing, I would have become a fomous singer
------had I got talent in singing, I would have become a fomous singer

12. To Infinitive dan Gerund

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Infinitive ada 2 yaitu :

1. To Infinitive
Beberapa kata kerja yg diikuti "to" :

hope to            plan to            intend to      decide to
promise to       agree to          offer to         refuse to
seem to           appear to        pretend to     ask to
expect to         would like to   want to         need to
tell to               invite to           require to     remind to
advise to          permit to         order to       warn to
encourage to    allow to           force to        learn to

2. Bare Infinitive
Gerund :
Beberapa kata kerja yg diikuti "gerund" :

admitting           delaying             resisting         advicing
recalling            keeping              risking           mentioning
enjoying            avoiding             minding         regreting
tolerating           finishing             forgetting       considering
remembering     understanding    completting    suggesting
denying             stopping            missing           practicing

PERKECUALIAN :
Beberapa kata kerja yg diikuti "to infinitive dan gerund" :


allow              attempt      begin        fear
cease              continue    deserve     love
hate                intend        like           prefer
neglect            omit          permit
recommend     start          bother

 Kata kerja bila diikuti "to" (belum berlangsung) sedangkan bila diikuti "gerund" (sudah berlangsung)
come    remember
forget    stop
mean     try

11. Ellipsis (So, Too, Either, Neither Pemendekan Gabungan Kalimat )

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

1. So / Too
Example :
* Rina is very happy. I am very happy
----Rina is very happy and so am I
----Rina is very happy and I am too

 2. Either / Neither
Example :
* I didn't go last night. Widy didn't go last night
----I didn't go last night and neither did Widy
----I didn't go last night and Widy didn't either

 3. And, Or, But, Nor
Example :

I don't have food nor money

4. But, Whereas, While

 PENTING :

  • Both...and...
  • Not only...but also...
  • Either...or...Neither...nor...
  • Whether...or...

10. Degree of Comparison (Perbandingan 2 Hal)

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Ada 3 macam :

1.  Positive Degree (tingkatan setara)
...as + adjective / adverb + as...
...the same + noun + as...

Example :

* Don't worry, I will be as happy as before
* Hanna is the same age as I am

2.  Comparative Degree (tingkatan lebih)
...adjective / adverb + er + than
...more + adjective / adverb + than

 3.  Superlative Degree (tingkatan lebih)

...the + adjective / adverb + est

...the + most + adjective / adverb

 PENGECUALIAN :
         
          Positive          Comparative        Superlative

  • Good / Well        Better                       Best
  • Bed / Bedly         Worse                      Worst
  • Much / Many       More                       Most
  • Little                    Less                         Least
  • Far                      Farther / Further       Farthest / Furthest

9. Word Order (Urutan Kata Bahasa Inggris)

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Urutan Noun Phrase

1.  Determiner
(a, an, the, some, many, few, my, your, this, that dll)

2.  Ordinate

  • Numeral (jumlah / angka)----- one, two dll
  • Comparative adjective (perbandingan)---------more, most
3.  Epitet
  • Opinion-------interesting, beautiful
  • Size-----------big, large
  • Age-----------old, young
  • Temperature--cold, hot
  • Shape---------round, square
  • Color--------- red, blue
  • Origin---------japanese, indonesian
  • Material-------leather, silk
  • Participle------covered, painted
4.  Classifying (kata benda atau gerund yg fungsi sbg penjelas kata utama)
Dining room, history book

5. Head
Dining room, history book


Contoh Noun Phrase :
* The three handsome tall young Italian boys (tiga anak laki2 muda yg tinggi dan tampan)


Adverb of manner (keterangan cara) :
Contohnya :

* beautifully, happily, loudly
* utk good bukan goodly tapi well
* Adverb yg tdk boleh diberi "ly" seperti deep, far, early, fast, hard, high, low, late, near, much


 PENTING :

* Beautiful twelve year old ------(benar) karena satu paket dalam "..."
   Beautiful twelve years old -----(salah)
* A five hundred word composition ------ (benar)
   A five hundred words composition ----- (salah)

8. Modal (Kata Kerja Bantu)

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Macam - Macam Modal :
1.  Modal Present

  • Will (akankah)
Will bisa utk memperhalus permintaan 
Example :
* I will go to New york someday
* Shall I go despite the rain? (meminta saran)
* Will you prepare a cip of coffe for me, please! (memperhalus permintaan)
  • May = Can (mungkinkah)
Can (informal)
May (formal)
  • Must = Have to / Has to (harus)
  • Shall = Ought to (seharusnya)
Shall utk meminta saran
Shall hanya digunakan utk subjek I / We

2.  Modal Past

  • Would (bentuk kedua will)
  • Should (bentuk kedua shall)------mengungkapkan saran tidak terpengaruh tenses
  • Might (bentuk lampau may)
  • Could (bentuk kedua can)
3.  Modal Perfect
  • Should have / ought to have
  • Must have  (pasti)
  • Could have
  • Might have