Sains, Teknologi dan Ekonomi Bisnis

Macam - Macam Modal :
1.  Modal Present

• Will (akankah)

Will bisa utk memperhalus permintaan 
Example :
* I will go to New york someday
* Shall I go despite the rain? (meminta saran)
* Will you prepare a cip of coffe for me, please! (memperhalus permintaan)

• May = Can (mungkinkah)

Can (informal)
May (formal)

• Must = Have to / Has to (harus)

Perubahan tenses---------- indirect speech selalu lebih lampau 1 tingkat daripada direct speech

Perubahan adverb :


       Direct                 Indirect

• Now           Then, at the time
• Today         That day
• Tomorrow   The next day, the day after, the following day
• Yesterday    The day before
• ...Ago           ...Before
• Last...          The...before
• Next...         The...after..., the following...

Example :
Feri said, "I am hungry now"-------- Feri said that he was hungry at the time

Kalimat Tanya :

If / whether + S + P
WH question + S + V

Example :

* Fida asks "what do you want?"--------Fida asks what I want
* Feri asked,"are you happy now?"------Feri asked if I was happy then


Kalimat Perintah / Larangan :

Example :
* Bryan said to me, "don't stay to close to the fire!"-------Bryan said to me not to stay close to the fire
* Cellt told her brothers, "bring me ice cream!"------------Celly told her brothers to bring her ice cream

Macam - Macam Participle :

1.  Present Principle
* Present participle memiliki kesamaan dengan gerund yaitu V - ing

* Perbedaanya present participle (menunjukkan kegiatan) dan gerund (menunjukkan fungsi / kegunaan)

Example :

• The smoking man is my father (laki2 yg sedang merokok itu adalah ayahku)--------(PARTICIPLE)
• The smoking area is also available (area utk merokok juga tersedia)--------(GERUND)

# Pola kalimat Verbal
Ving + ..., S + P
Having + V3 + ..., S + P

Example :

* He cooks very well. He want to own a big resturant
   ----- Cooking very well, he want to own a big resturant
* Rina has finished her school. She plans to continue her study in a university
   ----- Having finished her school, she plans to continue her study in a university

# Pola kalimat Nominal
Being + complement, S + P
Having + been + complement, S + P

Example :

* Monica is a teacher. She has to behave well
   ------Being a teacher, Monica has to behave well
* She has been here for 2 hours. She decides to leave
   ------Having been here for 2 hours, she decides to leave

2.  Past Participle

V3 + by..., S + P
Being + V3 + by..., S + P
Having + been + V3 + by..., S + P

PENTING :

• Jika sebagai "part of a verb " maka------- To be + Ving
• Jika sebagai "adjective" maka-------- Ving

Macam - Macam Passive Voice :

• Memiliki modal atau modal perfect

S + modal + be + V3
S + modal + have + been + V3

Example :

* When you break the rules, you must be punished
* You should have been remainded so you would not do the mistake

• Dari to infinitive dan gerund

To + be + V3

Being + V3

Example :

* He wants his paper to be revised by him
* I love them being made fun by me

Macam - Macam Conjuncion :
     
1.  Co - ordinative Conjunction (menghubungkan unsur sifat yg setara)
ada 4 macam yaitu :

• Cumulative Conjuction (fungsi penambahan yg setara)

And                        : dan
Also                        : juga
In addition               : ditambah lagi
Moreover / Furthermore : lebih - lebih
As well as                : juga
Both...and                : baik...maupun
Not only...but also    : bukan hanya...tapi juga

• Alternative Conjunction (fungsi pemilihan)

Or                    : atau
Either...or...      : baik...ataupun
Neither...nor...  : bukan...ataupun...
Whether...or...  : apakah...atau...

• Diversative Conjunction (hubungan berlawanan)

But / yet   : tapi
Still          : tetap
Whereas  : sedangkan

• Illative Conjunction (menunjukkan kesimpulan)

So                  : jadi
Thus               : maka
Hence             : sebab itu
Therefore        : oleh karena itu
Consequently  : akibatnya
As the result    : hasilnya
Accordingly     : sesuai dengan itu

2.  Sub - ordinative Conjunction (menghubungkan unsur yg sifatnya tidak setara)
Ada 7 macam yaitu :

• Cause and Effect Conjunction (hubungan sebab - akibat)

Since / As / For / Because : karena
Example :
* Last night I didn't come because I didn't feel wll  (Because dipakai di belakang)
* As I really need his help, I will come to his house despite the rain   (As dipakai di depan)

• Comparison Conjunction (hubungan perbandingan)

As...as                         : se..
...er than / more...than  : lebih...dari

• Contrast Conjunction (menunjukkan pertentangan)

Although / Even though / However  : Meskipun (diikuti S + P)
 Despite : Meskipun  (diikuti frasa)

• Condition Conjunction (menunjukkan syarat)

If              : jika
Unless      : jika...tidak
Provided  : asalkan

• Manner Conjunction (menunjukkan cara)

As    : seperti
How : bagaimana

• Time Conjunction (hubungan waktu)

When / While / As  : ketika
As long as   : selama
As soon as  : secepat
Since           : sejak
Until            : hingga

• Purpose Conjunction (hubungan tujuan)

So that                     : sehingga
So...(adj/adv)...that atau Such..(noun)...that    : begitu...sehingga
In order to               : untuk
In order that             : agar

           Noun                              Verb                             Adjective

• Applause                        Applaud                                -
• Success                         Succed                          Successfull
• Response                       Respond                               -
• Defense                          Defend                                  -
• Process                          Proceed                                 -
• Belief                             Believe                                  -
• Relief                              Relieve                                  -
• Proof                              Prove                                    -
• Refusal                           Refuse                                  -
• Child                                   -                                Childish / Childless
• Beautician                       Beautify                          Beautiful
• Attraction                       Attract                            Attractive
•     -                                 Affirm                             Affirmative
• Happiness                          -                                 Happy   
• Simplicity                       Simplify                          Simple
• Popularity                      Popularize                       Popular
•    -                                 Deepen                           Deep
• Enlargement                  Enlarge                           Large
• Creation                        Create                             Creative
• Difference                     Differentiate                    Different  
• Disturbance                   Disturb                            Disturbing
•    -                                 Admire                            Admirable
• Majority                            -                                  Major
• Denial                            Deny                                   -
• Importance                         -                                 Important                                                 

Determiner (a, an, the, each, every, some, any, much, few, what, several, little dll) selalu diikuti noun

• Noun 

Hood    (Brotherhood, babyhood, fatherhood)
Ian        (Comedian, librarian, musician)
Ist         (Scientist, artist, biologist linguist)
Full       (Beautiful, useful, careful, meaningful)
Y          (Noisy, healthy, funny, salty, rainy)
Al         (Instrumental, costal, remedial)
Ish        (Boyish, childish, foolish)
Ar         (Molecular, particular)
Less      (Careless, joyless, painless)
Ment     (Entertainment, movement)
Ance     (Ignorance, allowance)
Tion      (Evaluation,attraction)
Ship      (Friendship, relationship)
Ness     (Darkness, happiness)
Ity         (Popularity, simplicity)
T           (Complaint)
Ial         (Denial, refusal)
Age       (Marriage, leakage)

• Verb

Ment     (Movement, improvement, development)
Ion        (Addition, direction, education)
Er/ or    (Leader, sender, actor, sailor)
Ous       (Continuous, infectious, desirous)
Ive        (Decorative, suggestive, impressive)
En         (Endanger, enlarge)
Ize         (Catagorize, populirize)
Ed         (Succed, proceed)