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20. Preposition of Time (IN, ON, AT)

Diposting oleh On Sunday, February 17, 2013

IN

  • Digunakan utk waktu seperti (in the evening, in the morning, in the afternoon)
  • Digunakan utk periode waktu yang lainnya seperti musim (in the winter, in the summer, in the spring, dll), bulan (in June), tahun (in 1989), abad (in 21 centuries)
  • Digunakan utk nama kota besar dan negeri or nama tempat saat pembicara berlangsung. (He lives in USA)
ON
  • Digunakan sebelum nama hari (on Sunday, on Monday, on August 10, on New Year's Day)
PENTING :
  • Jika hanya nama hari saja atau lengkap menggunakan tanggal / bulan / tahun gunakan ON, jika hanya nama bulan, musim, abad, atau tahun saja maka gunakan IN
AT
  • Digunakan utk waktu-waktu tertentu seperti :
My brother gets up at 4.00 AM
He goes to school at 7.00 every morning.
I usually watch TV at night.
  • Digunakan utk nama kota kecil dan desa or pembicaraan yg tempatnya jauh. (I passed my holidays at puncak)

19. A Little / Little dan A Few / Few (Arti Sedikit)

Diposting oleh On Sunday, February 17, 2013

A Little dan Little

  • Digunakan utk untuk benda yang tidak bisa dihitung (uncountable noun)
  • Kata a little mempunyai makna positif (pembicara merasa puas dan merasa cukup) sedangkan little mempunyai makna negatif ( pembicara tidak merasa puas dan tidak merasa cukup) 
Contoh :
  • She needs a little sugar
  • I have a little money (pembicara merasa cukup atas uang itu)
  • I have little money (pembicara tidak merasa cukup atas uang itu) 
A Few dan Few
  • Digunakan utk untuk benda yang bisa dihitung (countable noun)
  • Kata a few mempunyai makna positif (pembicara merasa puas dan merasa cukup) sedangkan  few mempunyai makna negatif ( pembicara tidak merasa puas dan tidak merasa cukup)
Contoh :
  • Doni has a few books (pembicara merasa cukup atas buku itu) 
  • Do you bring a few pencils?
  • I have few books (pembicara tidak merasa cukup atas buku itu) 

18. Artikel A / An / The

Diposting oleh On Sunday, February 17, 2013

Artikel "A" digunakan utk kata benda yang berawal konsonan
Contoh :

  • A pen
  • A car
  • A banana
Artikel "An" digunakan utk kata benda yang berawal vokal
Contoh :

  • An apple
  • An egg
  • An orange
 Artikel "The" digunakan utk kata benda yang pasti
  • Please open the door
  • I like the little singer
PENGECUALIAN :
  • A hour (salah) seharusnya An hour (benar) karena huruf "h" jika dilafalkan mendekati bunyi vokal (a)
  • An university (salah) seharusnya A university (benar) karena huruf "u" jika dilafalkan mendekati bunyi konsonan (j)

17. Have dan Has (Mempunyai)

Diposting oleh On Sunday, February 17, 2013

Have dan Has punya arti sama yaitu "mempunyai", yang membedakan adalah penggunaan subjeknya

Have digunakan utk subjek (I, you, they, we)
Contoh :
  • I have a car
  • You have 3 apples
  • They have a big house
  • We have a pen
  • The boys have some books (subjek jamak dianggap "they")
Has digunakan utk subjek (she, he, it)
Contoh :
  • She has a pencil
  • He has 2 cars
  • It has a pen
  • The cat has a fish (subjek tunggal dianggap "it") 

16. Possesive Adjective / Noun (Menerangkan Kepemilikan)

Diposting oleh On Sunday, February 17, 2013

Subejct         Possessive Adjective             Object
    I                           my                                    me
  you                       your                                   you
   we                         our                                    us
   they                       their                                 them
   she                        her                                    her
   he                          his                                     his
    it                            its                                     it
Untuk membuat possessive nouns, kita harus menambahkan " 's/' " setelah nama
Fida's book
Feri's pen
My mother's house
The children's teacher
My parent's stove

Jika benda tersebut berbentuk jamak dengan menambahkan "s", untuk membuat possessive nounnya yaitu dengan " ' " saja, bukan " 's"
Contoh :
My sisters' book
The parents' house
The cats' food
The students' teacher

Jika benda tersebut berbentuk jamak yang tidak beraturan/ irregular plural nouns, maka kita harus menambahkan " 's "
 Contoh :
 The children's teacher
 The men's pen
 The women's parents
 People's food
 The mice's cage

15. Question Tag (Kalimat Meminta Persetujuan)

Diposting oleh On Sunday, February 03, 2013

  • Jika pernyataan positif, question tagnya negatif
Examples : 
* It is a nice day, isn’t it?  
* Fida can cook, can’t she?
Utk modal seperti (can, will,may, shall, would, should, might dll) maka cukup menambahkan "not" sesudah modal tsb
  • Jika pernyataan negatif, question tagnya positif
Examples :
* She is not happy, is she? 
* Fida didn’t like cook, did she? 
  • Kata bantu dalam question tag tergantung pada kata bantu dalam pernyataannya. Dalam simple present tense dan simple past tense, kata bantu dalam question tag-nya harus do/does dan did.
Examples :
* She likes cooking, doesn’t she? 
* She cooked a meal for Dina, didn’t she? 
* They always come late, don’t they? 
  •  Pernyataan “I am….,” yang positif, question tagnya bukan “am not I?” tetapi “aren’t I?”
pernyataan yang negative, question tagnya tetap “am I?”
Examples :
* I am a doctor, aren’t I? 
* I am working hard, aren’t I? 
* I am not a doctor, am I? 
* I am not working hard, am I? 
  • Ada kata-kata yang memliki arti negatif, sehinggga questionnya menjadi positif jika ada kata berikut dalam kalimat :
Never                  : tidak pernah / belum pernah
Seldom / rarely   : jarang
Hardly ever / barely / scarcely : hampir tidak
By no mean         : sama sekali tidak
Few                      : sedikit
No / not any / none (no + kata benda)
Examples :
* She never goes to school late, does she? 
* She has no chicken, has she? 
* They seldom get up early, do they?
  • Untuk kalimat perintah, question tagnya “will you?”
  • Untuk kalimat ajakan, question tagnya “shall we?”
Examples :
* Close the door, will you? 
* Let’s go to the cinema, shall we?
   

14. Concord (Penyesuaian Unsur Kalimat)

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Noun dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu :

  • Countable noun (bisa dihitung)
Example : books, fans, doors
  • Uncountable noun (tdk bisa dihitung)
Example : water, air, food, sugar, tea

Benda yg selalu dianggap "tunggal"
* Everybody, everyone, every, each, much....
* Benda jamak yg diawali either of dan neither of
* Kata benda yg diawali the number of, a / an + adjective
Example : The number of students does the test. (tunggal)


Benda yg selalu dianggap "jamak"
* Benda yg berpasangan (jeans, glasses, shoes)
* Kata benda both of dan both..and
* Kata benda yg diawali a number of, the + adjective
* Kata benda yg dihubungkan either...or..., neither...nor... , not only..., but also...
Example : A number of students do the best. ( jamak)


 PENTING :
  • Countable noun diawali artikel a / an/ the
  • Uncountable noun selalu tunggal dan tdk berawalan a / an/ the
Example :
* Three minutes is all I need to fix the computer (uncountable noun)
  • Gerund yang berfungsi sebagai subjek, selalu diikuti verba tunggal
Example :
* Planting trees is necessary to decrease the level of pollutants in the air

13. Conditional Sentence (Kalimat Bersyarat)

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Ada 3 macam yaitu :

  • Tipe I (future)
If + simple present tense, future tenses
"untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang mungkin terjadi jika syaratnya terpenuhi"


Example :

* If Boby meets Nana, he will be happy
-----Fakta : Boby bisa senang dan juga bisa tidak tergantung bertemu Nana atau tidak (Future Tense)
  • Tipe II (present)
If + simple past tense, past future tense
"untuk mengungkapkan hal yang kemungkinan terjadinya kecil atau barangkali saja terjadi di masa depan"


 Example :

* If I had my own motorbike, I would go there my self
-----Fakta : I don't have my own motorbike, so I don't go there my self  (Present Tense)
* They would not be angry, if you don't cheat them
-----Fakta : They are angry because you cheat them  (Present Tense)

To be yg dipakai utk semua subjek adalah were
Example :

* If I were you, I would stay in my room in this cold weather
-----Fakta : I don't stay in my room because I am not you
  • Tipe III (Past)
If + past perfect tense, past future perfect tense
"untuk mengungkapkan hal yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena waktunya sudah lewat, atau membayangkan hal yang mungkin terjadi di masa lalu"

Example :

* If I had chosen the right one, I would not have regretted it
-----Fakta : I didn't choose the right one, so regretted it  (Past Tense)

PENTING :

# Fakta selalu naik 1 tingkat level tenses (kurang lampau)
# Conditional selalu lebih lampau 1 tingkat dari faktanya
# Fakta (tenses pada "if" naik 1 tingkat kurang lampau)

Conditional Sentence Tanpa "IF"
Tipe II------- Were + S + Complement
            ------- Had + S + V3

 Example :
* If I were a princess, I could get everything
------were I princess,  I could get everything
* If I had got talent in singing, I would have become a fomous singer
------had I got talent in singing, I would have become a fomous singer

12. To Infinitive dan Gerund

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Infinitive ada 2 yaitu :

1. To Infinitive
Beberapa kata kerja yg diikuti "to" :

hope to            plan to            intend to      decide to
promise to       agree to          offer to         refuse to
seem to           appear to        pretend to     ask to
expect to         would like to   want to         need to
tell to               invite to           require to     remind to
advise to          permit to         order to       warn to
encourage to    allow to           force to        learn to

2. Bare Infinitive
Gerund :
Beberapa kata kerja yg diikuti "gerund" :

admitting           delaying             resisting         advicing
recalling            keeping              risking           mentioning
enjoying            avoiding             minding         regreting
tolerating           finishing             forgetting       considering
remembering     understanding    completting    suggesting
denying             stopping            missing           practicing

PERKECUALIAN :
Beberapa kata kerja yg diikuti "to infinitive dan gerund" :


allow              attempt      begin        fear
cease              continue    deserve     love
hate                intend        like           prefer
neglect            omit          permit
recommend     start          bother

 Kata kerja bila diikuti "to" (belum berlangsung) sedangkan bila diikuti "gerund" (sudah berlangsung)
come    remember
forget    stop
mean     try

11. Ellipsis (So, Too, Either, Neither Pemendekan Gabungan Kalimat )

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

1. So / Too
Example :
* Rina is very happy. I am very happy
----Rina is very happy and so am I
----Rina is very happy and I am too

 2. Either / Neither
Example :
* I didn't go last night. Widy didn't go last night
----I didn't go last night and neither did Widy
----I didn't go last night and Widy didn't either

 3. And, Or, But, Nor
Example :

I don't have food nor money

4. But, Whereas, While

 PENTING :

  • Both...and...
  • Not only...but also...
  • Either...or...Neither...nor...
  • Whether...or...

10. Degree of Comparison (Perbandingan 2 Hal)

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Ada 3 macam :

1.  Positive Degree (tingkatan setara)
...as + adjective / adverb + as...
...the same + noun + as...

Example :

* Don't worry, I will be as happy as before
* Hanna is the same age as I am

2.  Comparative Degree (tingkatan lebih)
...adjective / adverb + er + than
...more + adjective / adverb + than

 3.  Superlative Degree (tingkatan lebih)

...the + adjective / adverb + est

...the + most + adjective / adverb

 PENGECUALIAN :
         
          Positive          Comparative        Superlative

  • Good / Well        Better                       Best
  • Bed / Bedly         Worse                      Worst
  • Much / Many       More                       Most
  • Little                    Less                         Least
  • Far                      Farther / Further       Farthest / Furthest

9. Word Order (Urutan Kata Bahasa Inggris)

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Urutan Noun Phrase

1.  Determiner
(a, an, the, some, many, few, my, your, this, that dll)

2.  Ordinate

  • Numeral (jumlah / angka)----- one, two dll
  • Comparative adjective (perbandingan)---------more, most
3.  Epitet
  • Opinion-------interesting, beautiful
  • Size-----------big, large
  • Age-----------old, young
  • Temperature--cold, hot
  • Shape---------round, square
  • Color--------- red, blue
  • Origin---------japanese, indonesian
  • Material-------leather, silk
  • Participle------covered, painted
4.  Classifying (kata benda atau gerund yg fungsi sbg penjelas kata utama)
Dining room, history book

5. Head
Dining room, history book


Contoh Noun Phrase :
* The three handsome tall young Italian boys (tiga anak laki2 muda yg tinggi dan tampan)


Adverb of manner (keterangan cara) :
Contohnya :

* beautifully, happily, loudly
* utk good bukan goodly tapi well
* Adverb yg tdk boleh diberi "ly" seperti deep, far, early, fast, hard, high, low, late, near, much


 PENTING :

* Beautiful twelve year old ------(benar) karena satu paket dalam "..."
   Beautiful twelve years old -----(salah)
* A five hundred word composition ------ (benar)
   A five hundred words composition ----- (salah)

8. Modal (Kata Kerja Bantu)

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Macam - Macam Modal :
1.  Modal Present

  • Will (akankah)
Will bisa utk memperhalus permintaan 
Example :
* I will go to New york someday
* Shall I go despite the rain? (meminta saran)
* Will you prepare a cip of coffe for me, please! (memperhalus permintaan)
  • May = Can (mungkinkah)
Can (informal)
May (formal)
  • Must = Have to / Has to (harus)
  • Shall = Ought to (seharusnya)
Shall utk meminta saran
Shall hanya digunakan utk subjek I / We

2.  Modal Past

  • Would (bentuk kedua will)
  • Should (bentuk kedua shall)------mengungkapkan saran tidak terpengaruh tenses
  • Might (bentuk lampau may)
  • Could (bentuk kedua can)
3.  Modal Perfect
  • Should have / ought to have
  • Must have  (pasti)
  • Could have
  • Might have

7. Direct - Indirect Speech (Kalimat Langsung - Tidak Langsung)

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Perubahan tenses---------- indirect speech selalu lebih lampau 1 tingkat daripada direct speech

 Perubahan adverb :


        Direct                 Indirect

  • Now           Then, at the time
  • Today         That day
  • Tomorrow   The next day, the day after, the following day
  • Yesterday    The day before
  • ...Ago           ...Before
  • Last...          The...before
  • Next...         The...after..., the following...
Example :
Feri said, "I am hungry now"-------- Feri said that he was hungry at the time

 Kalimat Tanya :

 If / whether + S + P
WH question + S + V

Example :

* Fida asks "what do you want?"--------Fida asks what I want
* Feri asked,"are you happy now?"------Feri asked if I was happy then


Kalimat Perintah / Larangan :

Example :
* Bryan said to me, "don't stay to close to the fire!"-------Bryan said to me not to stay close to the fire
* Cellt told her brothers, "bring me ice cream!"------------Celly told her brothers to bring her ice cream

6. Participle (V - ing dan V3)

Diposting oleh On Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Macam - Macam Participle :

1.  Present Principle
* Present participle memiliki kesamaan dengan gerund yaitu V - ing

* Perbedaanya present participle (menunjukkan kegiatan) dan gerund (menunjukkan fungsi / kegunaan)

Example :

  • The smoking man is my father (laki2 yg sedang merokok itu adalah ayahku)--------(PARTICIPLE)
  • The smoking area is also available (area utk merokok juga tersedia)--------(GERUND)
# Pola kalimat Verbal
Ving + ..., S + P
Having + V3 + ..., S + P

 Example :

* He cooks very well. He want to own a big resturant
   ----- Cooking very well, he want to own a big resturant
* Rina has finished her school. She plans to continue her study in a university
   ----- Having finished her school, she plans to continue her study in a university

# Pola kalimat Nominal
Being + complement, S + P
Having + been + complement, S + P

Example :

* Monica is a teacher. She has to behave well
   ------Being a teacher, Monica has to behave well
* She has been here for 2 hours. She decides to leave
   ------Having been here for 2 hours, she decides to leave

2.  Past Participle

 V3 + by..., S + P
Being + V3 + by..., S + P
Having + been + V3 + by..., S + P

 PENTING :

  • Jika sebagai "part of a verb " maka------- To be + Ving
  • Jika sebagai "adjective" maka-------- Ving
Example :
* The crying baby needs to be picked up
------ Crying sudah benar karena sbg adjective dan verbnya needs to be picked up
* The clothes are lying the floor should go into the washing machine
-------Are lying salah karena bukan berfungsi sbg part of a verb dan seharusnya lying
* The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners
-------Bringing salah karena sbg part of a verb dan seharusnya is bringing

5. Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif)

Diposting oleh On Tuesday, January 29, 2013

Macam - Macam Passive Voice :

  • Memiliki modal atau modal perfect
S + modal + be + V3
S + modal + have + been + V3

Example :

* When you break the rules, you must be punished
* You should have been remainded so you would not do the mistake
  • Dari to infinitive dan gerund
To + be + V3

Being + V3

Example :

* He wants his paper to be revised by him
* I love them being made fun by me

4. Conjunction (Kata Penghubung)

Diposting oleh On Tuesday, January 29, 2013

Macam - Macam Conjuncion :
     
1.  Co - ordinative Conjunction (menghubungkan unsur sifat yg setara)
ada 4 macam yaitu :

  • Cumulative Conjuction (fungsi penambahan yg setara)
And                        : dan
Also                        : juga
In addition               : ditambah lagi
Moreover / Furthermore : lebih - lebih
As well as                : juga
Both...and                : baik...maupun
Not only...but also    : bukan hanya...tapi juga
  • Alternative Conjunction (fungsi pemilihan)
Or                    : atau
Either...or...      : baik...ataupun
Neither...nor...  : bukan...ataupun...
Whether...or...  : apakah...atau...
  • Diversative Conjunction (hubungan berlawanan)
But / yet   : tapi
Still          : tetap
Whereas  : sedangkan
  • Illative Conjunction (menunjukkan kesimpulan)
So                  : jadi
Thus               : maka
Hence             : sebab itu
Therefore        : oleh karena itu
Consequently  : akibatnya
As the result    : hasilnya
Accordingly     : sesuai dengan itu

2.  Sub - ordinative Conjunction (menghubungkan unsur yg sifatnya tidak setara)
Ada 7 macam yaitu :
  • Cause and Effect Conjunction (hubungan sebab - akibat)
Since / As / For / Because : karena
Example :
* Last night I didn't come because I didn't feel wll  (Because dipakai di belakang)
* As I really need his help, I will come to his house despite the rain   (As dipakai di depan)
  • Comparison Conjunction (hubungan perbandingan)
As...as                         : se..
...er than / more...than  : lebih...dari
  • Contrast Conjunction (menunjukkan pertentangan)
Although / Even though / However  : Meskipun (diikuti S + P)
 Despite : Meskipun  (diikuti frasa)
  • Condition Conjunction (menunjukkan syarat)
If              : jika
Unless      : jika...tidak
Provided  : asalkan
  • Manner Conjunction (menunjukkan cara)
As    : seperti
How : bagaimana

  • Time Conjunction (hubungan waktu)
When / While / As  : ketika
As long as   : selama
As soon as  : secepat
Since           : sejak
Until            : hingga
  • Purpose Conjunction (hubungan tujuan)
So that                     : sehingga
So...(adj/adv)...that atau Such..(noun)...that    : begitu...sehingga
In order to               : untuk
In order that             : agar

3. Causative Sentence (Kalimat Menyuruh Orang Melakukan Sesuatu)

Diposting oleh On Tuesday, January 29, 2013

  1. Active Causative
  • Have (penggunaan sama pada Make & Let)-----> tanpa "TO"
S + has / have / had + object active + V1
Example :
* My boss has me type all the documents
* I had my gardener take care

* The dog made me run fast
* Dio lets me make his bed everyday
  • Get (penggunaan sama pada Ask & Tell)----> pakai "TO"
S + get / gets / got + object active + to + V1
Example :
* I will get those children to go
* The teacher gets the student to do their homework
* She always asks me to do what she wants
* My uncle told me to work together with him

         2.   Passive Causative
Hanya mempunyai 1 pola utk Have dan Get

S + has / have / had / get / gets / got + object passive + V3 Example :

* She is so technological illaterate that she always gets her paper typed (gets tanpa to)
Contoh soal :
* You would better "have it translated" bukan "have translate it"
* Only had it painted bukan only it had painted

2. Subjunctive (Kalimat Pengandaian)

Diposting oleh On Tuesday, January 29, 2013

  1. Present Subjunctive
Pada kalimat subjunctive to be yg dipakai tunggal / jamak adalah were
  • S + wish + that + S + V2
  • S + V1 + as if / as though + S + V2
  • If only + S + V2
  • I would rather + S + V2
     2.  Past Subjunctive
  • S + wish + that + S + had + V3
  • S + V2 + as if / as though + S + had + V3
  • If only + S + had + V3
  • I would rather + S + had + V3
Subjunctive selalu lebih lampau 1 tingkat daripada faktanya, jadi seumpama subjunctive V2 maka fakta V1 dan jika subjunctive V3 maka fakta V2.  Antara subjunctive dan fakta selalu berlawanan maknanya,

1. Derivatives (Kata Jadian)

Diposting oleh On Tuesday, January 29, 2013

           Noun                              Verb                             Adjective

  • Applause                        Applaud                                -
  • Success                         Succed                          Successfull
  • Response                       Respond                               -
  • Defense                          Defend                                  -
  • Process                          Proceed                                 -
  • Belief                             Believe                                  -
  • Relief                              Relieve                                  -
  • Proof                              Prove                                    -
  • Refusal                           Refuse                                  -
  • Child                                   -                                Childish / Childless
  • Beautician                       Beautify                          Beautiful
  • Attraction                       Attract                            Attractive
  •     -                                 Affirm                             Affirmative
  • Happiness                          -                                 Happy   
  • Simplicity                       Simplify                          Simple
  • Popularity                      Popularize                       Popular
  •    -                                 Deepen                           Deep
  • Enlargement                  Enlarge                           Large
  • Creation                        Create                             Creative
  • Difference                     Differentiate                    Different  
  • Disturbance                   Disturb                            Disturbing
  •    -                                 Admire                            Admirable
  • Majority                            -                                  Major
  • Denial                            Deny                                   -
  • Importance                         -                                 Important                                                 
Determiner (a, an, the, each, every, some, any, much, few, what, several, little dll) selalu diikuti noun
  • Noun 
Hood    (Brotherhood, babyhood, fatherhood)
Ian        (Comedian, librarian, musician)
Ist         (Scientist, artist, biologist linguist)
Full       (Beautiful, useful, careful, meaningful)
Y          (Noisy, healthy, funny, salty, rainy)
Al         (Instrumental, costal, remedial)
Ish        (Boyish, childish, foolish)
Ar         (Molecular, particular)
Less      (Careless, joyless, painless)
Ment     (Entertainment, movement)
Ance     (Ignorance, allowance)
Tion      (Evaluation,attraction)
Ship      (Friendship, relationship)
Ness     (Darkness, happiness)
Ity         (Popularity, simplicity)
T           (Complaint)
Ial         (Denial, refusal)
Age       (Marriage, leakage)
  • Verb
Ment     (Movement, improvement, development)
Ion        (Addition, direction, education)
Er/ or    (Leader, sender, actor, sailor)
Ous       (Continuous, infectious, desirous)
Ive        (Decorative, suggestive, impressive)
En         (Endanger, enlarge)
Ize         (Catagorize, populirize)
Ed         (Succed, proceed)